لینک فایل مقاله درباره Microprocessor-دو زبانه لاتین و فارسی
مشخصات فایل
عنوان:Microprocessor
مقاله دو زبانه میباشد
زبان :لاتین و فارسی
تعداد صفحات :21
محتویات
Microprocessor
Contents [showhide]
History
Notable 8-bit designs
16-bit
32-bit designs
64 bit microchips
RISC
Design concepts
Market statistics
Common µPs; architectures
Microprocessor
Microprocessors, including an Intel 80486DX2 and an Intel 80386
A microprocessor (abbreviated as µP or uP) is an electronic computer central processing unit (CPU) made from miniaturized transistors and other circuit elements on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) (aka microchip or just chip).
Before the advent of microprocessors, electronic CPUs were made from discrete (separate) TTL integrated circuits; before that, individual transistors; and before that, from vacuum tubes. There have even been designs for simple computing machines based on mechanical parts such as gears, shafts, levers, Tinkertoys, etc. Leonardo DaVinci made one such design, although none were possible to construct using the manufacturing techniques of the time.
The evolution of microprocessors have been known to follow Moore's Law when it comes to steadily increasing performance over the years. This suggests that computing power will double every eighteen months, a process that has been generally followed since the early 1970's — a surprise to everyone involved. From humble beginnings as the drivers for calculators, the continued increase in power has led to the dominance of microprocessors over every other form of computer; every system from the largest mainframes to the smallest handheld computers now use a microprocessor at their core.
Contents [showhide]
- 1 The first chips
1.2 Notable 8-bit designs
1.3 16-bit
1.4 32-bit designs
1.5 64 bit microchips
1.6 RISC
History
The first chips
As with many advances in technology, the microprocessor was an idea whose time had come. Three projects arguably delivered a complete microprocessor at about the same time, Intel's 4004, Texas Instruments' TMS 1000, and Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer.
In 1968 Garrett was invited to produce a digital computer to compete with electromechanical systems then under development for the main flight control computer in the US Navy's new F-14 Tomcat fighter. The design was complete by 1970, and used a MOS-based chipset as the core CPU. The design was smaller and much more reliable than the mechanical systems it competed against, and was used in all of the early Tomcat models. However the system was considered so advanced that the Navy refused to allow publication of the design, and continued to refuse until 1997. For this reason the CADC, and the MP944 chipset it used, are fairly unknown even today.
TI developed the 4-bit TMS 1000 and stressed pre-programmed embedded applications, introducing a version called the TMS1802NC on September 17, 1971, which implemented a calculator on a chip. The Intel chip was the 4-bit 4004, released on November 15, 1971, developed by Federico Faggin.
TI filed for the patent on the microprocessor. Gary Boone was awarded U.S. Patent 3,757,306 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3,757,306.WKU.&OS=PN/3,757,306&RS=PN/3,757,306) for the single-chip microprocessor architecture on September 4, 1973. It may never be known which company actually had the first working microprocessor running on the lab bench. In both 1971 and 1976, Intel and TI entered into broad patent cross-licensing agreements, with Intel paying royalties to TI for the microprocessor patent. A nice history of these events is contained in court documentation from a legal dispute (http://www.mgt.buffalo.edu/courses/mgs/651/s1s/simha/Date-old/Intel-Cyrix/Cyrix-intel-11.htm) between Cyrix and Intel, with TI as intervenor and owner of the microprocessor patent.
Interestingly, a third party claims to have been awarded a patent which might cover the "microprocessor". See a webpage (http://www.me.utexas.edu/~me179/topics/patents/case6articles/case6article1.html) claiming an inventor pre-dating both TI and Intel, describing a "microcontroller", which may or may not count as a "microprocessor".
A computer-on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor which combines the microprocessor core (CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip. The computer-on-a-chip patent, called the microcomputer patent at the time, U.S. Patent 4,074,351 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4,074,351.WKU.&OS=PN/4,074,351&RS=PN/4,074,351), was awarded to Gary Boone and Michael J. Cochran of TI. Aside from this patent the proper meaning of microcomputer is a computer using a (number of) microprocessor(s) as its CPU(s), while the concept of the patent is somewhat more similar to a microcontroller.
According to A History of Modern Computing, (MIT Press), pp. 220–21, Intel entered into a contract with Computer Terminals Corporation, later called Datapoint, of San Antonio TX, for a chip for a terminal they were designing. Datapoint later decided not to use the chip, and Intel marketed it as the 8008 in April, 1972. This was the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. It was the basis for the famous "Mark-8" computer kit advertised in the magazine Radio-Electronics. The 8008 and its successor, the world-famous 8080, opened up the microprocessor component marketplace.
Notable 8-bit designs
The 4004 was later followed by the 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. These processors are the precursors to the very successful Intel 8080, Zilog Z80, and derivative Intel 8-bit processors. The competing Motorola 6800 architecture was cloned and improved in the MOS Technology 6502, rivaling the Z80 in popularity during the 1980s.
Both the Z80 and 6502 concentrated on low overall cost, through a combination of small packaging, simple computer bus requirements, and the inclusion of circuitry that would normally have to be provided in a separate chip (for instance, the Z80 included a memory controller). It was these features that allowed the home computer "revolution" to take off in the early 1980s, eventually delivering semi-usable machines that sold for US$99.
Motorola trumped the entire 8-bit world by introducing the MC6809, arguably one of the most powerful, orthogonal, and clean 8-bit microprocessor designs ever fielded – and also one of the most complex hardwired logic designs that ever made it into production for any microprocessor. Microcoding replaced hardwired logic at about this point in time for all designs more powerful than the MC6809 – specifically because the design requirements were getting too complex for hardwired logic.
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تاریخچه
اولین تراشه ها
نمونه های برجسته 8 بایتی
نمونه های 32 بایتی
یک ریزپردازنده (علائم اختصاری آن up یا MP است) واحد پردازش اصلی حسابگر الکترونیکی(یا کامپیوتر) است که از ترانزیستورهای کوچک و دیگر اجزای مدار،روی یک مدار مجتمع نیمه رسانا lic ساخته شده.پیش از پیدایش ریزپردازنده ها،CPU های الکترونیکی از مدارهای مجتمع جداگانه ی TTL ،قبل از آن از ترانزیستورهای جدا و قبل از ترانزیستورها از لامپ های خلأ ساخته می شدند. حتی نمونه هایی مربوط به ماشین های ساده حسابگر که شامل قسمت های مکانیک مثل چرخ دنده ها،شافت ها،اهرم ها، Tinkertoys و غیره بودند نیز وجود داشته است.لئوناردوداوینچی یک چنین طرحی را ساخت،هر چند کسی قادر به استفاده از تکنیک های صنعتی آن زمان نبود.تکامل و توسعه ریزپردازنده ها به خاطر کارائی روز افزون آن ها در طی سالها به عنوان دنباله ی Moare s law شناخته شده اند.این نشان می دهد که قدرت حسابگری (پردازش) هر 18 ماه دوبرابر می شود،جریانی که کلا از اوایل دهه ی 1970 شروع شده.باعث تعجب هر فرد درگیر در این مسایل-از اوایل شروع استفاده درایورها برای ماشین حساب ها،افزایش مداوم قدرت(نیرو)باعث برتری ریزپردازنده ها نسبت به هر کامپیوتر دیگری شده در هسته ی(مرکز) هر سیستمی از بزرگترین mainframe (قالب اصلی) گرفته تا کوچکترین کامپیوترهای دستی از یک ریزپردازنده استفاده می شود.
تاریخچه
اولین تراشه ها
در میان پیشرفت های زیاد تکنولوژی، ریزپردازنده هم ایده ای بود که زمانش فرا رسیده بود.سه پروژه تقریبا در یک زمان یک ریزپردازنده کامل ارائه دادند،
Texas instruments TMS too , intel 4004 و Garrett Airesearch s central Air data computer .
در سال 1978، Garrett برای تولید یک حسابگر دیجیتال به منظور رقابت با سیستم های الکترومکانیکی سپس در توسعه کامپیوتر کنترل پرداز در us navy (نیروی دریایی us) جهنده ی (هواپیما یا هلیکوپتر) F-14-Tomacat ،دعوت شد.نمونه تا سال 1970 کامل شد و از چیسپت mos در هسته ی cpu استفاده شد.این نمونه نسبت به سیستم های مکانیکی که در برابر آن رقابت می کرد کوچکتر و قابل اعتماد تر بود و در همه مدل های اولیه ی Tomact هم استفاده شد.این سیستم آن قدر پیش رفته بود که Navy(نیروی دریایی) از انتشار و گسترش آن تا سال 1997 خودداری کرد،به همین دلیل چیسپت CADC و Mp 944 که استفاده شدند حتی تا امروز هم تقریبا ناشناخته ماندند.
1000 TMS ,TI ،4 بایتی را ساخت و بر کاربردهای از پیش برنامه ریزی شده گنجانده شده تاکید داشت در حالی که یک نسخه ی جدید به نام TMS 180 NC را در 17 سپتامبر سال 1971 معرفی کرد که یک ماشین حساب (حسابگر) روی یک تراشه را کامل می کرد.تراشه ی lntel 4004 ،4 بایتی بود که در 5 نوامبر،1971 منتشر شد و توسط Federicofaggin ساخته شد. TI مجوز ریزپردازنده را گرفت. U.spatent 3,757 ,306 به Gary Boone اعطا شد.( htt://pttt,usplo... ) برای تراشه ی تکی ریزپردازنده در 4 سپتامبر،1973 هرگز معلوم نشده که در حقیقبت کدام شرکت اولین آزمایش کار ریزپردازنده را داشت.در سال های 1971 و 1916 وارد عرصه ی تعهداتی درباره Datent شدند.در حالی که patent intel برای ریزپردازنده به TI می پرداخت.یک تاریخچه خوب از این رویدادها در اسناد دادگاه از یک بحث قانونی موجود است.( htt://www/metbu...) بین lntel و Cyrix .و TI هم به عنوان میانجی و مالک patent ریزپردازنده. کامپیوتری روی یک تراشه شکلی از ریزپردازنده است که هسته ی ریزپردازنده (cpu)،حافظه و خطوط ورودی/خروجی (I/O) همه را روی یک تراشه جمع کرده است.
کلمات کلیدی : مقاله درباره Microprocessor,Notable 8 bit designs,64 bit microchips,RISC,نمونه های 32 بایتی
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